Amazing Gal Vihara

Introduction

Sri Lanka, an island nation renowned for its rich cultural heritage and historical monuments, boasts numerous ancient sites of significance. Among these, the Gal Vihara, located in the rock temple complex of Polonnaruwa, stands out as a supreme example of ancient Sri Lankan artistry and religious devotion. This remarkable site, also known as the Gal Viharaya, is celebrated for its stunning rock-cut sculptures, which exemplify the artistic and engineering prowess of the Polonnaruwa era.

Historical Context

 1. Ancient Sri Lanka and Polonnaruwa

Sri Lanka, an island nation in the Indian Ocean, has a long history marked by the rise and fall of various kingdoms. By the 10th century CE, the island was experiencing significant political and cultural changes. The Anuradhapura Kingdom, which had been the dominant power for centuries, was facing decline due to invasions from South India and internal strife. This period of instability led to the rise of the Polonnaruwa Kingdom.

Polonnaruwa, located in the central northern part of Sri Lanka, became the capital of the island in the late 10th century under King Vijayabahu I. The city flourished as a political and cultural center, particularly during the reign of King Parakramabahu I (1153–1186 CE), under whose patronage the Gal Vihara was constructed. Polonnaruwa’s elevation as a new capital was marked by extensive construction projects, which included religious edifices, palaces, and reservoirs.

2.The Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa Periods

Sri Lankan history can be divided into several periods, with the Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa periods being particularly noteworthy for their contributions to Buddhist architecture and art. The Anuradhapura period, which began around the 3rd century BCE, was marked by the establishment of the first Sinhalese kingdom and the construction of numerous stupas, monasteries, and other religious structures.

The Polonnaruwa period, which began in the 11th century CE, succeeded Anuradhapura as the center of power. The city of Polonnaruwa was established by King Vijayabahu I and later expanded by his successors, including Parakramabahu I. This era is characterized by significant architectural and artistic achievements, including the construction of the Gal Vihara complex.

King Parakramabahu I: Patron of Gal Vihara

King Parakramabahu I, who reigned from 1153 to 1186 CE, was a key figure in the development of Polonnaruwa. He is credited with overseeing an ambitious program of construction and restoration, including the creation of Gal Vihara. His reign is often remembered for its advancements in both the religious and cultural spheres of Sri Lanka.

3. The Role of Buddhism

Buddhism, introduced to Sri Lanka in the 3rd century BCE by Mahinda, the son of Emperor Ashoka of India, had deeply influenced the island’s culture and politics. The religion became a central element in the lives of the Sinhalese people, and successive rulers supported and promoted Buddhism as a means of legitimizing their authority and fostering unity among their subjects.

By the 12th century, during the reign of Parakramabahu I, Buddhism was at the height of its influence. The king himself was a devout Buddhist and sought to revitalize and reinforce Buddhist practices and institutions. This period saw the construction of numerous monasteries, stupas, and rock-cut temples, including the Gal Vihara. The rock carvings at Gal Vihara were intended to inspire and sustain the Buddhist faith among the populace.